HomeHIS2151 Timeline

HIS2151 Timeline

Reflection

The first decision I made was to choose a structure for my timeline. I was not interested in just looking at leaders, as I wanted to be able to consider what is important outside of the classic narrative (presidents and generals and what they did). I also was not interested in looking at timeframes to decide which things were important; that seemed too open ended. What I decided on was choosing categories or themes and choosing the most significant entries within those.

The categories I chose were: the US and the world; culture and life; Native Americans; government structure, and slavery. Initially, I had a sixth category, economics, but found that it was more worthwhile to put its important events into other categories. I chose the categories based on what I thought were the most interesting themes in the course.

I only had a basic knowledge of how democracy worked in the US before this course, so I found it very interesting to learn about its origins. In terms of Native Americans, I had never learned about how they were treated; I had only learned about First Nations in Canada. The workshop on the Trail of Tears was really eye opening for me. While I had some knowledge of the brutality of slavery in the US, I had no idea how influential it was in the politics of early America – it seemed that almost all federal conflicts could be connected to the desire to protect or abolish the institution of slavery! I chose to include a culture and life category, as currently I am also taking a course on American culture and thought in the modern period; I wanted to connect the themes we talked about in that class to their origins during this period. Finally, I chose to look at the US and the world. This is the first US history course I’ve taken, so a lot of my previous knowledge of US history is in relation to other regions, including Canada, Latin America, and Europe. I wanted to connect what I’ve learned in other courses to this one. Additionally, I wanted to be mindful that the US does not exist in a bubble – its events were influenced by, and influenced, world events.

Once I had these categories, I went through the course readings and took note of all the possible entries for each category, noting their significance. If a person or event fit more than one category, I put them in both for the time being. Afterwards, I reviewed each category and chose the most important entries. What I deemed to be most important were people/events/acts/ideas/things that influenced change. I wanted to show evolution/change in each category. In a way, each category is a mini-timeline that could give a thematic overview of the time period to an interested person. The final numerical breakdown ended up being: culture and life (10); government structure and slavery (11); and slavery and Native Americans (9). While I strived to have 10 entries for each category, I didn’t want to sacrifice quality for uniformity.

When describing the significant of each entry, I attempted to take a micro-historical approach. I was interested in how the person/event/act/idea could illuminate broad trends in regards to the category they were placed in. The reasoning behind choosing most dates is discussed within each entry, but my main approach was to choose the dates during which the entry was influential. For example, when discussing Beecher and Hale, I chose dates that reflected their public life rather than their birth dates.

I chose to use Timeline JS and Omeka to present my work. This was my first time using both resources. I found that Timeline JS was very intuitive. I know a little bit of HTML, which I was able to use to create italics, new paragraphs, and lists. I was able to use hex codes to create different coloured backgrounds to distinguish between categories. What I found most frustrating about Timeline JS was that it is created as a spreadsheet, so composing or editing longer paragraphs is inconvenient, as if you click away from a box and then come back to type in it again, it replaces all the text. What I ended up doing was composing all of my entries in Microsoft Word, then copying and pasting them into the spreadsheet. Another issue I had with Timeline JS was with citation. I am used to Chicago style with footnotes, so I was a bit stumped on how to provide references. In the end, I decided to list the references used for each slide, as if they were footnotes, and also to provide a bibliography underneath. With Omeka, it took me awhile to figure out how to insert the embedded timeline into my webpage. I had to go back to the workshop to see that I needed to add the plugin “Simple Pages” to insert the embedded link. Overall, I really enjoyed using Timeline JS and Omeka; it creates a really clean looking finished product. I would definitely use these resources again for presentations at school and work.

Timeline

Categories

The US and the World

Culture and Life

Native Americans

Government Structure

Slavery

Footnotes

The Stamp Act

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Road to Revolution,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3214.

The American Revolution

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “How revolutionary was the American Revolution?,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3222.

Richard Connors, “HIS2336 A: Early Modern Europe, 16th to 18th Century” (lecture, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, March 25, 2015).

Boston Tea Party

Richard Connors, “HIS2336 A: Early Modern Europe, 16th to 18th Century” (lecture, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, April 1, 2015).

Alfred F. Young, The Shoemaker and the Tea Party (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999), 99-103.

Sequoyah

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Indian Removal,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3545.

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Sequoyah,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, April 8, 2014, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sequoyah.

Loyalists

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Who were the loyalists?,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3221.

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Loyalist,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/topic/loyalist.

Declaration of Independence

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Declaring Independence,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3217.

“In Congress, July 4, 1776…” Broadside, Library of Congress, retrieved March 23, 2016, https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=rbc3&fileName=rbc0001_2004pe76546page.db.

Henry Clay

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Compromise of 1850,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3275.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Last-Ditch Efforts at Compromise,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3057.

Jeanne T. Heidler, “Henry Clay,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, May 5, 2014, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Clay.

Constitutional Convention

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Convention,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3235.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Republicanism,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3236.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Drafting the Constitution,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3237.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Compromises,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3238.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Why has the Constitution survived? How has the constitutional system changed?,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3245.

The US Constitution

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Constitution and Slavery,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3241.

The Presidency of George Washington

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Defining the Presidency,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2972.

Henry Graff, “George Washington,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, March 4, 2016, retrieved March 3, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Washington/Presidency.

Industrial Revolution

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Eve of the Industrial Revolution,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3515.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Resistance to Technological Innovation,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3512.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Growth of Cities,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3514.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Transformation of the Rural Countryside,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3516.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Early Industrialization,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3513.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Disruption of the Artisan System of Labor,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=35127.

Cotton Gin

Mintz, “Early Industrialization.”

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Antebellum Slavery,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3039.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Introduction,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3556.

XYZ Affair

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Presidency of John Adams,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2977.

“MILESTONES: 1784-1800,” US Department of State Office of the Historian, retrieved March 23, 2016, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/xyz.

The American System

Mintz, “Early Industrialization.”

Assimilation

Mintz, “Indian Removal.”

Joseph J. Ellis, “Thomas Jefferson,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, February 18, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Jefferson.

The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Jefferson in Power,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2981.

Ellis.

Louisiana Purchase

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Louisiana Purchase,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2983.

Marbury v. Madison

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “War on the Judiciary,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2982.

Embargo of 1807

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Eagle, the Tiger, and the Shark,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2985.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Embargo of 1807,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2986.

War of 1812

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The War of 1812,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2988.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The War’s Significance,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=2989.

The Losers of the War of 1812

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The War’s Significance.”

Tariff of 1816

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Protecting American Industry,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3527.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Growth of the American Economy,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3508.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Transforming American Law,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3511.

Norris W. Preyer, “Southern Support of the Tariff of 1816-A Reappraisal,” The Journal of Southern History 25, no. 3: 320-22.

The Panic of 1819

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Celebrated Bank War,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3547.

The Missouri Crisis

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Growth of Political Factionalism and Sectionalism,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3531.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Crisis of 1850,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3273.

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Missouri Compromise,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, June 1, 2015, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/event/Missouri-Compromise.

Attacks on Privilege

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Rise of Democratic Politics,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3541.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Presidency of Andrew Jackson,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3544.

Transforming the Role of Women: Beecher and Hale

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Women’s Rights,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3539.

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Catharine Esther Beecher,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Catharine-Esther-Beecher.

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Sarah Josepha Hale,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, February 17, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sarah-Josepha-Hale.

Democratic Republicanism

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Presidency of Andrew Jackson.”

Harold Whitman Bradley, “Andrew Jackson,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, March 1, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrew-Jackson.

Monroe Doctrine

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Defending American Interests in Foreign Affairs,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3530.

Samuel Flagg Bemis, “James Monroe,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, February 23, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Monroe.

The Presidency of John Quincy Adams

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Presidency of John Quincy Adams,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3543.

Samuel Flagg Bemis, “John Quincy Adams,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, August 19, 2014, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Quincy-Adams.

The Presidency of Andrew Jackson

Mintz, “Indian Removal.”

Bradley, “Andrew Jackson.”

Southern Nationalism

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Southern Nationalism,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3559.

Removal

Mintz, “Indian Removal.”

Trail of Tears

Mintz, “Indian Removal.”

The Liberator

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Immediate Abolition,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=4575.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Division in the Antislavery Movement,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=4578.

The Collapse of the California Mission System

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Impact of the Mexican Revolution,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3250.

Manifest Destiny

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Manifest Destiny,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3259.

Fugitive Slave Law

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Abolitionists and Violence,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=4581.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Fugitive Slave Law,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3276.

Reserve System

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “War Within a War,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3071.

Mintz, “Indian Removal.”

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=320.

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, April 17, 2015, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/topic/Uncle-Toms-Cabin.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Kansas-Nebraska Act,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3278.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Revival of the Slavery Issue,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3279.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Bleeding Kansas and Bleeding Sumner,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3280.

Dred Scott Decision

Mintz, “Abolitionists and Violence.”

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Dred Scott Decision,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3282.

Confederate State Constitution

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Establishing the Confederacy,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3056.

The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “War Begins,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3060.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “A War for Union,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3064.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Pressure for Emancipation,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3066.

Richard N. Current, “Abraham Lincoln,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, February 23, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/biography/Abraham-Lincoln.

The Civil War

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Death Toll,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3077.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Home Front,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3076.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “A Stillness at Appomattox,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3093.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “A Will to Destroy,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3068.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Total War,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3089.

Jennifer L. Weber, “Abraham Lincoln,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, October 19, 2015, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.britannica.com/event/American-Civil-War.

Black Troops in the Civil War

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Blacks in Blue,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3081.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Battle Against Discrimination,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3083.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Slaves’ Role in Their Own Liberation,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3090.

John C. Taylor, photographer. “Colored army teamsters, Cobb Hill, Virginia,” Photograph, Hartford, Conn., ca. 1864, printed ca. 1890, from Library of Congress: Gladstone Collection of African American Photographs, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010651606/.

Reconstruction

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Republican Governments in the South,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3105.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Significance of Reconstruction,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3110.

Black Codes

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Politics of Reconstruction,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3101.

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Congressional Reconstruction,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3103.

Thirteenth Amendment

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Thirteenth Amendment,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3088.

Ku Klux Klan

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “Ku Klux Klan,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3386.

Hart, photographer,“Ku Klux Klan, Watertown Division 289,” Photograph, Watertown, NY, ca. 1870, from Library of Congress, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/98519148/.

Disputed 1876 Election

S. Mintz and S. McNeil, S, “The Disputed Presidential Election of 1876,” Digital History, 2016, retrieved March 23, 2016, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3109.

Bibliography

Bemis, Samuel Flagg .“James Monroe” Encyclopaedia Britannica. February 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Monroe.

----. “John Quincy Adams.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. August 19, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Quincy-Adams.

Bradley, Harold Whitman. “Andrew Jackson.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrew-Jackson.

Connors, Richard. “HIS2336 A: Early Modern Europe, 16th to 18th Century. Lecture at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON. March 25-April 1, 2015.

Current, Richard N. “Abraham Lincoln.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. February 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Abraham-Lincoln.

Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Catharine Esther Beecher.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Catharine-Esther-Beecher.

----. “Loyalist.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/topic/loyalist.

----. “Missouri Compromise.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. June 1, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/event/Missouri-Compromise.

----. “Sarah Josepha Hale.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. February 17, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sarah-Josepha-Hale.

----. “Sequoyah.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. April 8, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sequoyah.

----. “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. April 17, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/topic/Uncle-Toms-Cabin.

Ellis, Joseph J. “Thomas Jefferson.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. February 18, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Jefferson.

Graff, Henry. “George Washington.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Washington/Presidency.

Hart, photographer. “Ku Klux Klan, Watertown Division 289.” Photograph. Watertown, NY, ca. 1870. From Library of Congress. Retrieved March 23, 2016. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/98519148/.

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